Key to Abbreviations
  • ˈ = Stress
  • ! = Except when…
  • (…X) = For any number of X remaining
  • X₀ = The same/an identical X
  • Xⁿ = X with a given tone
  • Xₙ = The nth X of a sequence or series
  • Xₓ = All X of a sequence or series
  • X̣ = Retroflex/emphatic X
  • # = Word boundary
  • $ = Stem boundary
  • % = Syllable boundary
  • ∅ = Nothing/Null/Zero
  • A = Affricate
  • B = Back Vowel
  • C = Consonant
  • D = Voiced Plosive
  • E = Front vowel
  • F = Fricative
  • H = Laryngeal
  • J = Approximant
  • K = Velar
  • Ḱ = Palatovelar
  • L = Liquid
  • M = Diphthong
  • N = Nasal
  • O = Obstruent
  • P = (Bi)labial
  • Q = Uvular consonant; click consonant (Khoisan)
  • R = Resonant/Sonorant
  • S = Plosive
  • T = Voiceless Plosive
  • U = Syllable
  • V = Vowel
  • W = Semivowel
  • Z = Continuant